Et si vous n’étiez plus dans les temps ! » La loi du 17 juin 2008 portant réforme en matière de prescription civile a eu trois objectifs fondamentaux réduire le temps et modifier la durée de la prescription jugée le plus souvent excessive ; donner de la cohérence en uniformisant les délais en 2004, la Cour de cassation avait dénombré 250 délais, différents par leur durée, leurs modes de computation !, intégrer les enjeux européens. On pourrait également estimer que c’est aussi une loi de cohésion sociale. Imaginez-vous 25 ans après avoir été condamné au paiement d’une créance, un huissier de justice vous signifie le jugement que vous avez déjà oublié. Une telle situation peut être perturbatrice et provocatrice. Le raccourcissement de trente à dix ans parait un compromis de sauvegarde des droits des uns et des autres. Il revient maintenant à chaque citoyen de connaître cette loi car nul n’est censé ignorer la loi. Marcel Proust écrivait Chroniques, Vacances de Pâques, parues au Figaro du 25 mars 1913 Les jours sont peut-être égaux pour une horloge, mas pas pour un homme ». Paraphrasant Natalie FRICERO, on pourrait ajouter, surtout si cet homme est un juriste qui s’intéresse à la prescription ! extinctive notamment. La prescription extinctive, différente de l’usucapion ou prescription acquisitive, est conçue par l’article 2219 du Code civil comme un moyen de se libérer par un certain laps de temps ». Ce certain laps de temps » mérite d’être bien connu par le citoyen pour se prémunir d’une inaction qui lui serait dommageable. Cet article doctrinaire et non codifié traite exclusivement de la prescription extinctive des décisions de justice, qui ne mérite pas d’être confondue avec la prescription extinctive de l’action prévue à l’article 2224 du Code civil qui est quinquennale et qui touche toutes les actions mobilières et personnelles, des articles 1641 et suivants du même code relatifs aux vices cachés qui sont biennaux à compter de la découverte du vice. L’intérêt de cet article est d’apporter une réponse rassurante aux nombreux justiciables qui s’interrogent sur la durée de validité des jugements et plus précisément sur le délai de prescription de l’exécution des décisions de justice, notamment en matière de recouvrement de créances. Pour rappel, avant l’intervention de la loi du 17 juin 2008, la durée de la prescription applicable à l’action en exécution d’un jugement était de trente ans I. Cette durée était jugée excessivement longue au regard de l’accélération de l’histoire. C’est à la faveur de la loi n°2008-561 du 17 juin 2008 portant réforme de la prescription en matière civile que le débat sur le raccourcissement des délais d’exécution des jugements a connu un regain d’intérêt tant pour les pouvoirs publics que pour les justiciables. Cette loi ramène de trente à dix ans que penser d’un gain de 20 ans dans la vie d’un homme ?, le délai maximal de prescription de l’exécution des décisions de justice. Depuis cette fameuse loi du 17 juin, la durée de droit commun de la prescription applicable à l’action en exécution des jugements est de dix ans II. I. La prescription extinctive de l’exécution des décisions de justice avant la loi de 2008 Jusqu’en 2008, l’exécution des décisions de justice s’éteignait par le non-usage trentenaire A, à l’exception des ordonnances portant injonction de payer et des jugements de l’article 478 du Code de procédure civile B. A. La prescription extinctive trentenaire de droit commun de l’exécution des décisions de justice Avant l’entrée en vigueur de la loi du 17 juin 2008, portant réforme de la prescription en matière civile, la poursuite de l’exécution d’une décision de justice était soumise à la prescription de droit commun de trente ans et non pas à la prescription décennale de l’article L. 110-4 du Code de commerce dans sa rédaction antérieure à la loi du 17 juin 2008. Cette prescription extinctive trentenaire de l’exécution des décisions de justice prévue par l’ancien article 2262 du Code civil, était en cours jusqu’au 19 juin 2008, date d’entrée en vigueur de la loi du17 juin 2008. Ce délai trentenaire abrogé coexistait avec le délai semestriel qui continue d’opérer. B. La prescription extinctive semestrielle de l’exécution des décisions de justice L’article 1411 du nouveau Code de procédure civile NCPC impose que l’ordonnance portant injonction de payer OPIJ soit signifiée aux débiteurs dans les six mois suivant sa délivrance à peine de caducité. Ces pré-décisions de justice ont donc une durée de validité semestrielle. En effet, les OPIJ restent des jugements provisoires tant que le juge n’y a pas apposé la formule exécutoire, qui leur confère la nature de décision de justice exécutoire. Ces titres exécutoires se prescrivent par dix ans. Nous y reviendrons en aval. C’est pour dire qu’avant la promulgation de la loi de 2008 susvisée, le législateur avait prévu également une forme de caducité de certains jugements, auxquels on peut appliquer la notion de prescription extinctive semestrielle de l’exécution des décisions de justice. En effet, l’article 478 du Code de procédure civile dispose que le jugement rendu par défaut ou le jugement réputé contradictoire au seul motif qu’il est susceptible d’appel est non avenu s’il n’a pas été notifié dans les six mois de sa date. La procédure peut être reprise après réitération de la citation primitive ». Pour être clair et compris, le jugement rendu par défaut peut s’assimiler au jugement rendu par contumace. Toutefois, un jugement est rendu par défaut pour quatre raisons 1 lorsque le défendeur n’a pas comparu, 2 qu’il n’a reçu aucune assignation, 3 que le demandeur par exploit d’huissier de justice ne l’a point réassigné 4 enfin lorsque l’affaire est insusceptible d’appel. Le jugement est réputé contradictoire, en dépit de l’absence du demandeur, au seul motif qu’il est susceptible d’appel ; mais aussi parce que la citation ou l’assignation a été délivrée à personne. Il convient de souligner qu’un jugement réputé contradictoire au seul motif qu’il est susceptible d’appel n’est pas déclaré non-avenu caduque, bien qu’il n’ait pas été signifié dans les six mois suivant sa date, si la cour ignore si la citation a été délivrée à personne. Il s’entend par là que la caducité n’est pas d’ordre public. Une cour d’appel de renvoie n’a pas à rechercher d’office si l’arrêt de cassation a été signifié au défaillant dans le délai de six mois Cass. 2èe civ., 13 janv. 1988. Il est également à préciser que la signification du jugement impliquant une volonté non équivoque de reconnaître l’existence de la décision signifiée, le pourvoi de la partie défaillante emporte renonciation à se prévaloir des dispositions de l’article 478 ci-dessus nommé, alors même que la signification aurait été effectuée au-delà des six mois du jugement Cass. 2è ci., 26 juin 2008. Cette prescription semestrielle connaît néanmoins des exceptions. En effet, le moyen tiré de la caducité d’un jugement réputé contradictoire, au seul motif qu’il est susceptible d’appel, pour défaut de signification dans les six mois de sa date constitue une exception de procédure et non une fin de non-recevoir. D’où le juge ne peut le soulever d’office. L’analyse conduite dans ce paragraphe montre d’une part que le délai de droit de prescription extinctive des décisions de justice est de trente ans. Certains jugements jouissent néanmoins de délais plus courts. L’excessivité du délai de droit commun a toutefois conduit les pouvoirs publics à légiférer et à fixer un délai plus raisonnable d’extinction de l’action en exécution des jugements. Le nouveau délai de droit commun est de dix ans. II. La prescription extinctive décennale de l’exécution des décisions de justice depuis la loi de 2008 Aux termes de l’article 3-1 de la loi n° 91-650 du 9 juillet 1991 portant réforme des procédures civiles d’exécution tel qu’ajouté par l’article 23 de la loi du 17 juin 2008, l’exécution des titres exécutoires mentionnés aux articles 1° à 3° de l’article 3 ne peut être poursuivie que pendant dix ans, sauf si les actions en recouvrement des créances qui y sont constatées se prescrivent par un délai plus long ». Cette prescription extinctive décennale des décisions de justice est reprise mots pour mots par le code de procédure civile d’exécution CPCE. En effet, l’article L 111-4 al 1 de ce code dispose que l’exécution des titres exécutoires mentionnés aux 1° à 3° de l’art L 111-3 ne peut être poursuivie que pendant dix ans, sauf si les actions en recouvrement des créances qui y sont constatées se prescrivent par un délai plus long... ». Les titres exécutoires exécutables » dans les dix ans de leur date sont, exceptés ceux qui se prescrivent par un délai plus long les décisions des juridictions de l’ordre judiciaire ou administratif ; les transactions soumises au Président du TGI ; les actes et jugements étrangers et les sentences arbitrales déclarés exécutoires sur le sol français ; les extraits de procès verbaux de conciliation signés par le juge et les parties. S’agissant d’une décision d’une juridiction de l’ordre judiciaire, en application des dispositions transitoires énoncées au II de l’article 26 de la loi du 17 juin 2008, les dispositions de la loi qui réduisent la durée de la prescription s’appliquent aux prescriptions à compter du jour de l’entrée en vigueur de la présente loi. Dès lors, lorsqu’une action a été introduite avant l’entrée en vigueur de la loi du 17 juin, l’action est poursuivie et jugée conformément à la loi ancienne. La prescription décennale plus courte instaurée par la loi du 17 juin 2008 ne s’applique à l’exécution d’une décision de justice antérieure qu’à compter du 19 juin 2008, jour de l’entrée en vigueur de la loi, sans que la durée totale puisse excéder la durée prévue par la loi antérieure. Si depuis l’entrée en vigueur de la loi du 17 juin 2008, le créancier peut poursuivre pendant dix ans l’exécution du jugement portant condamnation au paiement d’une somme payable à termes périodiques, il ne peut toutefois, en vertu de l’article 2224 du code civil, applicable en raison de la nature de la créance, obtenir le recouvrement des arriérés échus plus de cinq ans avant la date de sa demande et non encore exigible à la date à laquelle le jugement avait été obtenu. C’est le sens de l’arrêt de la Cour de cassation Cass. 1er civ., 8 juin 2016.

ArticleL511-1-1 du Code de la construction et de l'habitation - Tout arrêté de péril pris en application de l'article L. 511-1 est notifié aux propriétaires et aux titulaires de droits réels immobiliers sur les locaux, tels qu'ils figurent au fichier immobilier. Il est également notifié, pour autant qu'ils sont connus, aux titulaires de parts

Actions sur le document Article L511-1-1 Tout arrêté de péril pris en application de l'article L. 511-1 est notifié aux propriétaires et aux titulaires de droits réels immobiliers sur les locaux, tels qu'ils figurent au fichier immobilier de la conservation des hypothèques. Il est également notifié, pour autant qu'ils sont connus, aux titulaires de parts donnant droit à l'attribution ou à la jouissance en propriété des locaux, aux occupants et, si l'immeuble est à usage total ou partiel d'hébergement, à l'exploitant. Lorsque les travaux prescrits ne concernent que les parties communes d'un immeuble en copropriété, la notification aux copropriétaires est valablement faite au seul syndicat de la copropriété. A défaut de connaître l'adresse actuelle des personnes visées au premier alinéa ou de pouvoir les identifier, la notification les concernant est valablement effectuée par affichage à la mairie de la commune ou, à Paris, Marseille et Lyon, de l'arrondissement où est situé l'immeuble ainsi que par affichage sur la façade de l'immeuble. Cet arrêté reproduit le premier alinéa de l'article L. 521-2. A la demande du maire, l'arrêté prescrivant la réparation ou la démolition de l'immeuble menaçant ruine est publié à la conservation des hypothèques ou au livre foncier dont dépend l'immeuble pour chacun des locaux aux frais du propriétaire. Dernière mise à jour 4/02/2012

Dansun secteur sauvegardé créé en application de l'article L. 313-1 du code de l'urbanisme, l'arrêté du maire prescrivant la réparation ou la démolition du bâtiment menaçant ruine ne peut être pris qu'après avis de l'architecte des Bâtiments de France. Cet avis est réputé délivré en l'absence de réponse dans le délai de huit jours. For the purposes of this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires— 2 AffiliateThe term “affiliate” means a person that directly or indirectly owns or controls, is owned or controlled by, or is under common ownership or control with, another person. For purposes of this paragraph, the term “own” means to own an equity interest or the equivalent thereof of more than 10 percent. 3 Amateur stationThe term “amateur station” means a radio station operated by a duly authorized person interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest. 4 AT&T Consent DecreeThe term “AT&T Consent Decree” means the order entered August 24, 1982, in the antitrust action styled United States v. Western Electric, Civil Action No. 82–0192, in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, and includes any judgment or order with respect to such action entered on or after August 24, 1982. 5 Bell operating companyThe term “Bell operating company”—A means any of the following companies Bell Telephone Company of Nevada, Illinois Bell Telephone Company, Indiana Bell Telephone Company, Incorporated, Michigan Bell Telephone Company, New England Telephone and Telegraph Company, New Jersey Bell Telephone Company, New York Telephone Company, U S West Communications Company, South Central Bell Telephone Company, Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company, Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania, The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company, The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland, The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia, The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of West Virginia, The Diamond State Telephone Company, The Ohio Bell Telephone Company, The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company, or Wisconsin Telephone Company; and C does not include an affiliate of any such company, other than an affiliate described in subparagraph A or B. 13 Construction permitThe term “construction permit” or “permit for construction” means that instrument of authorization required by this chapter or the rules and regulations of the Commission made pursuant to this chapter for the construction of a station, or the installation of apparatus, for the transmission of energy, or communications, or signals by radio, by whatever name the instrument may be designated by the Commission. 14 Consumer generated mediaThe term “consumer generated media” means content created and made available by consumers to online websites and services on the Internet, including video, audio, and multimedia content. 19 Electronic messaging serviceThe term “electronic messaging service” means a service that provides real-time or near real-time non-voice messages in text form between individuals over communications networks. 22 Great Lakes AgreementThe term “Great Lakes Agreement” means the Agreement for the Promotion of Safety on the Great Lakes by Means of Radio in force and the regulations referred to therein. 23 HarborThe term “harbor” or “port” means any place to which ships may resort for shelter or to load or unload passengers or goods, or to obtain fuel, water, or supplies. This term shall apply to such places whether proclaimed public or not and whether natural or artificial. 24 Information serviceThe term “information service” means the offering of a capability for generating, acquiring, storing, transforming, processing, retrieving, utilizing, or making available information via telecommunications, and includes electronic publishing, but does not include any use of any such capability for the management, control, or operation of a telecommunications system or the management of a telecommunications service. 25 Interconnected VoIP serviceThe term “interconnected VoIP service” has the meaning given such term under section of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations, as such section may be amended from time to time. 27 Interoperable video conferencing serviceThe term “interoperable video conferencing service” means a service that provides real-time video communications, including audio, to enable users to share information of the user’s choosing. 28 Interstate communicationThe term “interstate communication” or “interstate transmission” means communication or transmission A from any State, Territory, or possession of the United States other than the Canal Zone, or the District of Columbia, to any other State, Territory, or possession of the United States other than the Canal Zone, or the District of Columbia, B from or to the United States to or from the Canal Zone, insofar as such communication or transmission takes place within the United States, or C between points within the United States but through a foreign country; but shall not, with respect to the provisions of subchapter II of this chapter other than section 223 of this title, include wire or radio communication between points in the same State, Territory, or possession of the United States, or the District of Columbia, through any place outside thereof, if such communication is regulated by a State commission. 33 Mobile serviceThe term “mobile service” means a radio communication service carried on between mobile stations or receivers and land stations, and by mobile stations communicating among themselves, and includes A both one-way and two-way radio communication services, B a mobile service which provides a regularly interacting group of base, mobile, portable, and associated control and relay stations whether licensed on an individual, cooperative, or multiple basis for private one-way or two-way land mobile radio communications by eligible users over designated areas of operation, and C any service for which a license is required in a personal communications service established pursuant to the proceeding entitled “Amendment to the Commission’s Rules to Establish New Personal Communications Services” GEN Docket No. 90–314; ET Docket No. 92–100, or any successor proceeding. 34 Mobile stationThe term “mobile station” means a radio-communication station capable of being moved and which ordinarily does move. 35 Network elementThe term “network element” means a facility or equipment used in the provision of a telecommunications service. Such term also includes features, functions, and capabilities that are provided by means of such facility or equipment, including subscriber numbers, databases, signaling systems, and information sufficient for billing and collection or used in the transmission, routing, or other provision of a telecommunications service. 36 Non-interconnected VoIP serviceThe term “non-interconnected VoIP service”—A means a service that—i enables real-time voice communications that originate from or terminate to the user’s location using Internet protocol or any successor protocol; and 38 Operator B “Operator” on a foreign ship means, for the purpose of part II of subchapter III of this chapter, a person holding a certificate as such of the proper class complying with the provisions of the radio regulations annexed to the International Telecommunication Convention in force, or complying with an agreement or treaty between the United States and the country in which the ship is registered. 39 PersonThe term “person” includes an individual, partnership, association, joint-stock company, trust, or corporation. 40 Radio communicationThe term “radio communication” or “communication by radio” means the transmission by radio of writing, signs, signals, pictures, and sounds of all kinds, including all instrumentalities, facilities, apparatus, and services among other things, the receipt, forwarding, and delivery of communications incidental to such transmission. 41 Radio officer B “Radio officer” on a foreign ship means, for the purpose of part II of subchapter III of this chapter, a person holding at least a first or second class radiotelegraph operator’s certificate complying with the provisions of the radio regulations annexed to the International Telecommunication Convention in force. 43 Radiotelegraph auto alarmThe term “radiotelegraph auto alarm” on a ship of the United States subject to the provisions of part II of subchapter III of this chapter means an automatic alarm receiving apparatus which responds to the radiotelegraph alarm signal and has been approved by the Commission. “Radiotelegraph auto alarm” on a foreign ship means an automatic alarm receiving apparatus which responds to the radiotelegraph alarm signal and has been approved by the government of the country in which the ship is registered Provided, That the United States and the country in which the ship is registered are parties to the same treaty, convention, or agreement prescribing the requirements for such apparatus. Nothing in this chapter or in any other provision of law shall be construed to require the recognition of a radiotelegraph auto alarm as complying with part II of subchapter III of this chapter, on a foreign ship subject to part II of subchapter III of this chapter, where the country in which the ship is registered and the United States are not parties to the same treaty, convention, or agreement prescribing the requirements for such apparatus. 44 Rural telephone companyThe term “rural telephone company” means a local exchange carrier operating entity to the extent that such entity—A provides common carrier service to any local exchange carrier study area that does not include either—i any incorporated place of 10,000 inhabitants or more, or any part thereof, based on the most recently available population statistics of the Bureau of the Census; or ii any territory, incorporated or unincorporated, included in an urbanized area, as defined by the Bureau of the Census as of August 10, 1993; D has less than 15 percent of its access lines in communities of more than 50,000 on February 8, 1996. 45 Safety conventionThe term “safety convention” means the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea in force and the regulations referred to therein. 46 ShipA The term “ship” or “vessel” includes every description of watercraft or other artificial contrivance, except aircraft, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water, whether or not it is actually afloat. B A ship shall be considered a passenger ship if it carries or is licensed or certificated to carry more than twelve passengers. D A passenger is any person carried on board a ship or vessel except 1 the officers and crew actually employed to man and operate the ship, 2 persons employed to carry on the business of the ship, and 3 persons on board a ship when they are carried, either because of the obligation laid upon the master to carry shipwrecked, distressed, or other persons in like or similar situations or by reason of any circumstance over which neither the master, the owner, nor the charterer if any has control. 47 StateThe term “State” includes the District of Columbia and the Territories and possessions. 48 State commissionThe term “State commission” means the commission, board, or official by whatever name designated which under the laws of any State has regulatory jurisdiction with respect to intrastate operations of carriers. 49 Station licenseThe term “station license”, “radio station license”, or “license” means that instrument of authorization required by this chapter or the rules and regulations of the Commission made pursuant to this chapter, for the use or operation of apparatus for transmission of energy, or communications, or signals by radio, by whatever name the instrument may be designated by the Commission. 50 TelecommunicationsThe term “telecommunications” means the transmission, between or among points specified by the user, of information of the user’s choosing, without change in the form or content of the information as sent and received. 53 Telecommunications serviceThe term “telecommunications service” means the offering of telecommunications for a fee directly to the public, or to such classes of users as to be effectively available directly to the public, regardless of the facilities used. 54 Telephone exchange serviceThe term “telephone exchange service” means A service within a telephone exchange, or within a connected system of telephone exchanges within the same exchange area operated to furnish to subscribers intercommunicating service of the character ordinarily furnished by a single exchange, and which is covered by the exchange service charge, or B comparable service provided through a system of switches, transmission equipment, or other facilities or combination thereof by which a subscriber can originate and terminate a telecommunications service. 55 Telephone toll serviceThe term “telephone toll service” means telephone service between stations in different exchange areas for which there is made a separate charge not included in contracts with subscribers for exchange service. 58 United StatesThe term “United States” means the several States and Territories, the District of Columbia, and the possessions of the United States, but does not include the Canal Zone. 59 Wire communicationThe term “wire communication” or “communication by wire” means the transmission of writing, signs, signals, pictures, and sounds of all kinds by aid of wire, cable, or other like connection between the points of origin and reception of such transmission, including all instrumentalities, facilities, apparatus, and services among other things, the receipt, forwarding, and delivery of communications incidental to such transmission. June 19, 1934, ch. 652, title I, § 3, 48 Stat. 1065; May 20, 1937, ch. 229, § 2, 50 Stat. 189; Proc. No. 2695, eff. July 4, 1946, 11 7517, 60 Stat. 1352; July 16, 1952, ch. 879, § 2, 66 Stat. 711; Apr. 27, 1954, ch. 175, §§ 2, 3, 68 Stat. 64; Aug. 13, 1954, ch. 729, § 3, 68 Stat. 707; Aug. 13, 1954, ch. 735, § 1, 68 Stat. 729; Aug. 6, 1956, ch. 973, § 3, 70 Stat. 1049; Pub. L. 89–121, § 1, Aug. 13, 1965, 79 Stat. 511; Pub. L. 90–299, § 2, May 3, 1968, 82 Stat. 112; Pub. L. 97–259, title I, § 120b, Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1097; Pub. L. 103–66, title VI, § 6002b2Bii, Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 396; Pub. L. 104–104, § 3a, c, Feb. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 58, 61; Pub. L. 105–33, title III, § 3001b, Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 258; Pub. L. 111–260, title I, § 101, Oct. 8, 2010, 124 Stat. 2752. Editorial Notes References in TextThis chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act”, meaning act June 19, 1934, ch. 652, 48 Stat. 1064, known as the Communications Act of 1934, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 609 of this title and Tables. For definition of Canal Zone, referred to in pars. 28 and 58, see section 3602b of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. Part II of subchapter III of this chapter, referred to in pars. 38, 41, and 43, is classified to section 351 et seq. of this title. Part III of subchapter III of this chapter, referred to in par. 38A, is classified to section 381 et seq. of this title. CodificationIn par. 41A, “chapter 71 of title 46” substituted for “the Act of May 12, 1948 46 229a–h” on authority of Pub. L. 98–89, § 2b, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 598, section 1 of which enacted Title 46, Shipping. References to Philippine Islands in pars. 28 and 58 of this section omitted on authority of Proc. No. 2695, issued pursuant to section 1394 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, which proclamation recognized the independence of Philippine Islands as of July 4, 1946. Proc. No. 2695 is set out under section 1394 of Title 22. Amendments2010—Pub. L. 111–260 added pars. 53 to 59, reordered pars. in alphabetical order based on headings of pars., and renumbered pars. as so reordered, resulting in the renumbering of pars. 1 to 59 as pars. 2 to 13, 15 to 17, 20 to 24, 26, 28 to 35, 37 to 59, 1, 14, 18, 19, 25, 36, and 27, respectively. 1997—Pars. 49 to 52. Pub. L. 105–33 added par. 49 and redesignated former pars. 49 to 51 as 50 to 52, respectively. 1996—Pub. L. 104–104, § 3a2, c4–8, redesignated subsecs. a to ff as pars. 1 to 32, respectively, realigned margins, inserted headings and words “The term”, changed capitalization, added pars. 33 to 51, reordered pars. in alphabetical order based on headings of pars., and renumbered pars. as so reordered. Subsecs. e, n. Pub. L. 104–104, § 3c1, redesignated clauses 1 to 3 as A to C, respectively. Subsec. r. Pub. L. 104–104, § 3a1, designated existing provisions as subpar. A and added subpar. B. Subsec. w. Pub. L. 104–104, § 3c2, redesignated pars. 1 to 5 as subpars. A to E, respectively. Subsecs. y, z. Pub. L. 104–104, § 3c3, redesignated pars. 1 and 2 as subpars. A and B, respectively. 1993—Subsec. n. Pub. L. 103–66, § 6002b2BiiI, inserted cl. 1 designation and added cls. 2 and 3. Subsec. gg. Pub. L. 103–66, § 6002b2BiiII, struck out subsec. gg which read as follows “ Private land mobile service’ means a mobile service which provides a regularly interacting group of base, mobile, portable, and associated control and relay stations whether licensed on an individual, cooperative, or multiple basis for private one-way or two-way land mobile radio communications by eligible users over designated areas of operation.” 1982—Subsec. n. Pub. L. 97–259, § 120b2, substituted “a radio” for “the radio”, inserted “or receivers” after “between mobile stations”, and inserted provision that “mobile service” includes both one-way and two-way radio communication services. Subsec. gg. Pub. L. 97–259, § 120b1, added subsec. gg. 1968—Subsec. e. Pub. L. 90–299 inserted “other than section 223 of this title” after “subchapter II of this chapter”. 1965—Subsec. w5. Pub. L. 89–121, § 11, added par. 5. Subsec. x. Pub. L. 89–121, § 12, among other changes, substituted “radiotelegraph auto alarm” for “auto-alarm” wherever appearing, “receiving apparatus which responds to the radiotelegraph alarm signal” for “receiver” in two places, and “country in which the ship is registered” for “country to which the ship belongs” and for “country of origin”. Subsec. y. Pub. L. 89–121, § 13, struck out “qualified operator” from pars. 1 and 2, and substituted “country in which the ship is registered” for “country to which the ship belongs”. Subsec. z. Pub. L. 89–121, § 14D, E, added subsec. z and redesignated former subsec. z as aa. Subsec. aa. Pub. L. 89–121, § 14A, D, redesignated former subsec. z as aa and former subsec. aa as bb. Subsecs. bb to dd. Pub. L. 89–121, § 14A, redesignated former subsecs. aa to cc as bb to dd and former subsec. dd as ee. Subsec. ee. Pub. L. 89–121, § 14A, B, redesignated former subsec. dd as ee, and repealed former subsec. ee which defined “existing installation”. Subsecs. ff, gg. Pub. L. 89–121, § 14B, C, redesignated subsec. gg as ff and repealed former subsec. ff which defined “new installation”. 1956—Subsec. y2. Act Aug. 6, 1956, substituted “parts II and III of subchapter III of this chapter” for “part II of subchapter III of this chapter”. 1954—Subsec. e. Act Apr. 27, 1954, § 2, obviated any possible construction that the Commission is empowered to assert common-carrier jurisdiction over point-to-point communication by radio between two points within a single State when the only possible claim that such an operation constitutes an interstate communication rests on the fact that the signal may traverse the territory of another State. Subsec. u. Act Apr. 27, 1954, § 3, inserted reference to clauses 3 and 4 of section 152b of this title. Subsecs. ee, ff. Act Aug. 13, 1954, ch. 729, added subsecs. ee and ff. Subsec. gg, “Great Lakes Agreement”. Act Aug. 13, 1954, ch. 735, added another subsec. ee which for purposes of codification was designated subsec. gg. 1952—Subsecs. bb to dd. Act July 16, 1952, added subsecs. bb to dd. 1937—Subsecs. w to aa. Act May 20, 1937, added subsecs. w to aa. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Effective Date of 1956 AmendmentAmendment by act Aug. 6, 1956, effective Mar. 1, 1957, see section 4 of act Aug. 6, 1956, set out as an Effective Date note under section 381 of this title. Effective Date of 1954 AmendmentAmendment by act Aug. 13, 1954, ch. 735, effective Nov. 13, 1954, see section 6 of act Aug. 13, 1954, set out as an Effective Date note under section 507 of this title. Effective Date of 1952 AmendmentSection 19 of act July 16, 1952, provided that “This Act [enacting section 1343 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending this section and sections 154, 155, 307 to 312, 315, 316, 319, 402, 405, 409, and 410 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 609 of this title] shall take effect on the date of its enactment [July 16, 1952], but—“1 Insofar as the amendments made by this Act to the Communications Act of 1934 [this chapter] provide for procedural changes, requirements imposed by such changes shall not be mandatory as to any agency proceeding as defined in the Administrative Procedure Act [see sections 551 et seq. and 701 et seq. of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] with respect to which hearings have been commenced prior to the date of enactment of this Act [July 16, 1952]. “2 The amendments made by this Act to section 402 of the Communications Act of 1934 [section 402 of this title] relating to judicial review of orders and decisions of the Commission shall not apply with respect to any action or appeal which is pending before any court on the date of enactment of this Act [July 16, 1952].” Limitation on LiabilityPub. L. 111–260, § 2, Oct. 8, 2010, 124 Stat. 2751, provided that “a In General.—Except as provided in subsection b, no person shall be liable for a violation of the requirements of this Act [see Short Title of 2010 Amendment note set out under section 609 of this title] or of the provisions of the Communications Act of 1934 [47 151 et seq.] that are amended or added by this Act with respect to video programming, online content, applications, services, advanced communications services, or equipment used to provide or access advanced communications services to the extent such person—“1 transmits, routes, or stores in intermediate or transient storage the communications made available through the provision of advanced communications services by a third party; or “2 provides an information location tool, such as a directory, index, reference, pointer, menu, guide, user interface, or hypertext link, through which an end user obtains access to such video programming, online content, applications, services, advanced communications services, or equipment used to provide or access advanced communications services. “b Exception.—The limitation on liability under subsection a shall not apply to any person who relies on third party applications, services, software, hardware, or equipment to comply with the requirements of this Act or of the provisions of the Communications Act of 1934 that are amended or added by this Act with respect to video programming, online content, applications, services, advanced communications services, or equipment used to provide or access advanced communications services.” Proprietary TechnologyPub. L. 111–260, § 3, Oct. 8, 2010, 124 Stat. 2752, provided that “No action taken by the Federal Communications Commission to implement this Act [see Short Title of 2010 Amendment note set out under section 609 of this title] or any amendment made by this Act shall mandate the use or incorporation of proprietary technology.” Great Lakes AgreementThe Great Lakes Agreement, referred to in this section, relates to the bilateral Agreement for the Promotion of Safety on the Great Lakes by Means of Radio, signed at Ottawa, Canada, Feb. 21, 1952; entered into force Nov. 13, 1954, 3 UST 4926. A subsequent agreement for Promotion of Safety on the Great Lakes by Means of Radio, 1973, was signed at Ottawa, Canada, Feb. 26, 1973, and entered into force May 16, 1975, 25 UST 935. Safety ConventionThe United States was a party to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, signed at London May 31, 1929, entered into force as to the United States, Nov. 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1121, 1306. For subsequent International Conventions for the Safety of Life at Sea to which the United States has been a party, see section 1602 of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters, and notes thereunder. DefinitionsPub. L. 113–200, title I, § 112, Dec. 4, 2014, 128 Stat. 2066, provided that “In this title [amending sections 325, 338, 534, and 543 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 325, 338, and 534 of this title]“1 Appropriate congressional committees.—The term appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate. “2 Commission.—The term Commission’ means the Federal Communications Commission.” Pub. L. 111–260, title II, § 206, Oct. 8, 2010, 124 Stat. 2776, provided that “In this title [amending sections 303, 330, and 613 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 303 and 613 of this title]“1 Advisory committee.—The term Advisory Committee’ means the advisory committee established in section 201 [47 613 note]. “2 Chairman.—The term Chairman’ means the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission. “3 Commission.—The term Commission’ means the Federal Communications Commission. “4 Emergency information.—The term emergency information’ has the meaning given such term in section of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations. “5 Internet protocol.—The term Internet protocol’ includes Transmission Control Protocol and a successor protocol or technology to Internet protocol. “6 Navigation device.—The term navigation device’ has the meaning given such term in section of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations. Pub. L. 105–33, title III, § 3001a, Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 258, provided that “Except as otherwise provided in this title [enacting section 337 of this title, amending this section and sections 303, 309, and 923 to 925 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 254, 309, and 925 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 309 of this title], the terms used in this title have the meanings provided in section 3 of the Communications Act of 1934 47 153, as amended by this section.” Pub. L. 104–104, § 3b, Feb. 8, 1996, 110 Stat. 61, provided that “Except as otherwise provided in this Act [see Short Title of 1996 Amendment note set out under section 609 of this title], the terms used in this Act have the meanings provided in section 3 of the Communications Act of 1934 47 153, as amended by this section.” ^{IV - L'article 8-2 de la loi n° 65-557 du 10 juillet 1965 fixant le statut de la copropriété des immeubles bâtis et le a du 1° de l'article L. 721-2 du code de la construction et de l'habitation sont applicables à compter du : 1° 31 décembre 2016, pour les syndicats de copropriétaires comportant plus de 200 lots ; bloqué Réservé aux abonnés HISTOIRE. Il y a 180 ans, le canal de Nantes à Brest ouvrait à la navigation sur 364 kilomètres, traversant cinq départements. Retour sur un projet qui continue de marquer l’histoire de la Bretagne. Canal de Nantes à Brest, écluse de Quiheix à Nort-sur-Erdre PHOTO PRESSE OCÉAN – NATHALIE BOURREAU Avant d’être une attraction touristique prisée des cyclistes et des randonneurs, le canal de Nantes à Brest a servi des intérêts stratégiques sous l’Empire. Au début du XIXe siècle, Napoléon Ier imagine sa construction dans le but de désenclaver la Bretagne. Sous l’Empire, en 1804 L’empereur cherche à approvisionner les arsenaux de deux ports de guerre bretons, ceux de Brest et Lorient, par le biais d’une voie fluviale reliée à Nantes. Un projet crucial pour l’Empire, au vu des hostilités qui reprennent avec l’Angleterre et de la médiocrité du réseau routier breton. Les travaux débutent en 1804, pour construire 364 kilomètres et 238 écluses étalées sur cinq départements. Et il aura fallu bien des bras pour construire cette voie... 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article l 511 1 du code de la construction